CONOTATION vs DENOTATION

The terms, denotation and connotation, are used to convey and distinguish between two different kinds of meanings or extensions of a word. A denotation is the strict, literal, definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. The connotation of a word or term adds elements of emotion, attitude, or color. The meaning or use of denotation and connotation depends partly on the field of study. 

CONOTATION vs DENOTATION MEANINGS 

Words can have several meanings. The literal meanings, the denotation, are direct, realistic, and often found in the dictionary. What the word suggests or implies, the connotation, is symbolic, culturally constructed, and often influences the interpretation of poetry or literature. For example, the denotations of the word snake might be "reptile," "scaly," or "without legs." Connotations of the word, however, might include "treachery," "evil," or "betrayal." Writers of nonfiction assume that the denotation of words will inform the meaning for readers. On the other hand, poets or fiction writers may instill meaning beyond the literal by using words with culturally rich connotations.

• In media-studies terminology, denotation is the first level of analysis: What the audience can visually see on a page. Denotation often refers to something literal, and avoids being a metaphor. Here it is usually coupled with connotation, which is the second level of analysis, being what the denotation represents.

• In logic, linguistics, and semiotics, a denotation of a word or phrase is a part of its meaning; however, several parts of meaning may take this name, depending on the contrast being drawn:
• Denotation and connotation are either
  • in basic semantics and literary theory, the literal and figurative meanings of a word, or,
  • in philosophy, logic and parts of linguistics, the extension and intension of a word

• Denotation can be synonymous with reference, and connotation with sense, in the sense and reference distinction in philosophy of language.

• In Computer science, denotational semantics is contrasted with operational semantics.

• In Semiotics, denotation also has its own meaning.
 

For Examples :

In order to understand fully the difference betwen denotation and connotation in media studies and semiotics, it is helpful to examine some examples:

The denotation of this example is a red rose with a green stem. The connotation is that is a symbol of passion and love—this is what the rose represents.

The denotation is a brown cross. The connotation is a symbol of religion, according to the media connotation. To be more specific, this is a symbol of Christianity.

The denotation is a representation of a cartoon heart. The connotation is a symbol of love and affection, not in the way of a rose, but a symbol of true love.

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AMBISIOUS GIRL (IF I CAN DREAM IT, I CAN DO IT !!)

Saya mengklaim diri saya bahwa jalan hidup saya rumit dan bukan hidup yang hanya tau mulusnya saja. Saya tahu bagaimana kehidupan saya semenjak kecil hingga sekarang, saya faham. Tapi setidaknya saya bersyukur bahwa Tuhan memberikan jalan kehidupan yang sedemikian rupa, saya  yakin bahwa Tuhan sedang memberi saya sebuah “pelatihan” untuk bekal masa depan dan agar saya tidak merasa kaget jika nantinya saya menghadapi sebuah kesulitan dan tahu bagaimana untuk menyelesaikannya.

Saya adalah anak pertama dari 5 bersaudara, adik pertama saya seorang lelaki, kemudian (almh) adik saya tercinta seorang perempuan, adik ketiga seorang perempuan adik keempat seorang lelaki. Saya adalah tipe orang yang mempunyai ambisius yang besar, saya cenderung egois untuk mendapatkan sesuatu. Dari dulu hingga sekarang saya selalu mempunyai keinginan dan semangat yang besar untuk mengangkat derajat keluarga saya. Dengan cara apa? Setidaknya saya lulus kuliah, lalu menjadi “orang”.

Untuk sekarang saya saya berambisi untuk mengimbuhkan nama saya dengan akhiran S.Pd dan dengan nilai serta kemampuan yang baik. Setelah lulus S1, saya sangat ingin mencari beasiswa melanjutkan pendidikan ke jenjang S2 dengan program studi yang sama. Apakah saya nantinya melanjutkan pendidikan S2, bekerja sebagai pegawai di sebuah peusahaan, menjadi seoang entrepeneur, menjadi seorang jurnalis stasiun televisi atau hanya menjadi seorang guru, saya belum dapat melihat masa depan itu. Setidaknya untuk sekarang saya melakukan apa yang menjadi kewajiban saya dan menghadapai segala rintangannya, lalu mensukseskannya dengan usaha yang semangat.  

Saya yakin bahwa “mimpi” adalah motivasi terbesar di dalam diri sendiri. Usaha apapun jika diawali dengan yang baik, maka akan dapat akhiran yang baik pula.

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EUPHEMISM

Figures of Speech - Euphemism

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What is euphemism?

Euphemism is used to express a mild, indirect, or vague term to substitute for a harsh, blunt, or offensive term. Euphemism is often contrasted with dysphemism. Some euphemisms intend to amuse, while others intend to give positive appearances to negative events or even mislead entirely.

A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. Euphemisms are used regularly, and there are many examples in every day language. 

Types of Euphemisms

To Soften an Expression

Some euphemisms are used in order to make a blunt or unpleasant truth seem less harsh.

Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:

• Passed away instead of died
• Correctional facility instead of jail
• Departed instead of died
• Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled
• Fell off the back of a truck instead of stolen
• Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide
• Turn a trick instead of engage in prostitution
• Negative patient outcome instead of dead
• Relocation center instead of prison camp
• Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths
• Letting someone go instead of firing someone
• Put to sleep instead of euthanize
• Pregnancy termination instead of abortion
• On the streets instead of homeless

To Be Polite

Other euphemisms are used to take the place of words or phrases you might not want to say in polite company.

Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:

• Adult entertainment instead of pornography
• Adult beverages instead of beer or liquor 
• Au natural instead of naked
• Big-boned instead of heavy or overweight
• Portly instead of heavy or overweight
• Chronologically-challenged instead of late
• Comfort woman instead of prostitute
• Use the rest room instead of go to the bathroom
• Break wind instead of pass gas
• Economical with the truth instead of liar
• Powder your nose instead of use the rest room
• The birds and the bees instead of sex
• Between jobs instead of unemployed
• Go all the way instead of have sex
• Domestic engineer instead of maid
• Sanitation engineer instead of garbage man
• Vertically-challenged instead of short
• Sleep together instead of have sex
• Batting for the other side instead of homosexual
• Bit the big one instead of died
• Bit the farm instead of died
• Cement shoes instead of dead
• Bit the dust instead of died
• Croaked instead of dead
• Kick the bucket instead of die
• Blow chunks instead of vomited
• Hide the sausage instead of sex
• Making whoopee instead of sex
• Well-hung instead of having a large penis

Euphemisms to be Impolite

In some cases, euphemisms are intentionally a grosser or less pleasant way of saying something. These are usually used when people are being sarcastic or trying to make light of a serious subject or make it seem less serious.

Examples include:

• Batting for the other side instead of homosexual
• Bit the big one instead of died
• Bit the farm instead of died
• Cement shoes instead of dead
• Bit the dust instead of died
• Croaked instead of dead
• Kick the bucket instead of die
• Blow chunks instead of vomited
• Hide the sausage instead of sex
• Making whoopee instead of sex
• Well-hung instead of having a large penis

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Symbol and Reference

Symbol is an object that is being used by someone or something to refer to another object called the referent.

For examples:

• in a book, you have the word cow, and the word cow is then used to refer to some real cow out in the real world.

• or you have a picture of a cow in a book, and its a picture of cow named Daisey, with black and white spots, who live on a particular farm, at a particular farm, at a particular time, and here is this complete picture of Daisey. 

The picture is an object, and the ink on the paper is an object, and the picture is made of paper which is an object, and this compound object is being used to refer to the actual cow that existed in the real world.

      
      The referent also is an object, it too exists in the real world, just as the symbol does.
Obviously, that's where milk comes from. Mooo!
Or the other example of referent:

• in the sentence Marry saw me, the referent of the word Marry is the particular person called Marry who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word me is the person uttering the sentence.

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